• A lump or mass in the breast
• Swelling of all or part of the breast
• Irritation or dimpling of breast skin
• Pain in the breast or nipple
• Nipple retraction (turning inward)
• Redness or flaky skin in the nipple area
• Discharge from the nipple (other than breast milk)

• Gender: Women are at a higher risk than men.
• Age: Risk increases as you get older, particularly after age 40.
• Family history: Having close relatives with breast cancer increases the risk.
• Genetic mutations: Inherited gene mutations (such as BRCA1 and BRCA2) can significantly raise the risk.
• Personal history: If you’ve had breast cancer before, your risk of recurrence is higher.
• Lifestyle factors: Obesity, alcohol consumption, and lack of physical activity may also increase the risk.

Yes, although it is much rarer, men can also develop breast cancer. Men should be aware of changes in their breast tissue, such as lumps or discharge, and report these to their healthcare provider.

• Breast self-examination: Women should regularly check their breasts for lumps or changes.
• Clinical breast exams: Performed by a healthcare professional during routine check-ups.
• Mammography: A low-dose X-ray of the breast used to detect changes in breast tissue before symptoms appear.

Women aged 40-49: It is recommended that women in this age group consult their healthcare provider to assess their personal risk and decide whether to begin mammogram screenings. Some guidelines suggest screening every 1-2 years for women with an average risk.

Women aged 50-74: Screening mammograms every 2 years are generally recommended for women in this age range with average risk. However, some women may opt for annual screenings.

Women aged 75 and older: Screening decisions should be made based on a woman’s overall health and life expectancy, in consultation with a healthcare provider.

High-risk women (e.g., those with a family history or genetic predisposition): For women at higher risk, screening may begin earlier (sometimes as early as age 30) and occur more frequently, often annually, or with the addition of other screening methods such as MRI.

• Stage 0: Non-invasive, localized cancer (ductal carcinoma in situ).
• Stage I-III: These stages indicate increasing tumor size, involvement of lymph nodes, and limited spread to surrounding tissues.
• Stage IV: The cancer has spread (metastasized) to other parts of the body, such as bones, liver, lungs, or brain.

• Surgery: Removing the tumor or the entire breast (mastectomy).
• Radiation therapy: Using high-energy rays to kill cancer cells.
• Chemotherapy: Drugs that target and destroy cancer cells throughout the body.
• Hormone therapy: Used if the cancer is hormone receptor-positive, blocking the body’s natural hormones that fuel cancer growth.
• Targeted therapy: Drugs that specifically target certain proteins involved in cancer growth.

• Maintaining a healthy weight
• Staying physically active
• Limiting alcohol consumption
• Breastfeeding, if possible
• Regular screenings, especially if you have a family history of breast cancer

A mammogram is an X-ray image of the breast used to detect early signs of cancer. It can identify lumps that are too small to feel and detect other changes in breast tissue. Regular mammograms are crucial for early detection, which significantly improves treatment outcomes.

If you find a lump or notice any unusual changes in your breast, it is essential to consult a healthcare provider immediately. Not all lumps are cancerous, but only a doctor can make a proper diagnosis through physical exams, imaging, and possible biopsy.

Yes, breast cancer is one of the most common cancers affecting women in Eswatini. Awareness, regular screenings, and early detection are critical in improving survival rates.

Breast cancer survival rates depend on the stage at diagnosis. Early-stage breast cancer has a high survival rate, with many women living cancer-free for years after treatment. However, survival rates decrease if the cancer is diagnosed at a later stage, making early detection crucial.

Breast cancer treatment can vary depending on the type and stage of cancer. You may undergo surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, or other therapies. Side effects such as fatigue, nausea, hair loss, and emotional stress are common, but many support services are available to help manage these issues. Discuss your treatment plan and expectations with your healthcare team.

• Screening and diagnostic services
• Treatment options at regional hospitals
• Patient navigation to help coordinate care
• Counselling and psychological support
• Palliative care for advanced cases

Yes, breast cancer can recur after treatment. It may come back in the same breast (local recurrence) or in other parts of the body (distant recurrence). Regular follow-up care, including physical exams and imaging tests, is essential for monitoring for any signs of recurrence.