Eswatini National Cancer Control Unit

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Fequently Asked Questions About Lung Cancer

What is lung cancer?

Lung cancer is a type of cancer that originates in the lungs. It is classified mainly into two types: non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and small cell lung cancer (SCLC).

What are the risk factors for lung cancer?
Common risk factors include:
  • Smoking tobacco (the leading cause)
  • Exposure to secondhand smoke
  • Environmental toxins (e.g., radon, asbestos)
  • Family history of lung cancer
  • Previous radiation therapy to the chest
What are the symptoms of lung cancer?
Symptoms may include:
  • Persistent cough
  • Coughing up blood
  • Chest pain
  • Shortness of breath
  • Fatigue
  • Unexplained weight loss
  • Wheezing
How is lung cancer diagnosed?
Lung cancer is diagnosed through a combination of:
  • Imaging tests (e.g., chest X-ray, CT scan)
  • Biopsy (removing tissue for examination)
  • Sputum cytology (examining mucus)
  • Molecular testing of the tumor for specific mutations
What are the stages of lung cancer?
Lung cancer is typically staged from 0 to IV, depending on the size and spread of the cancer:
  • Stage 0: Carcinoma in situ (very early)
  • Stage I: Cancer is localized
  • Stage II: Cancer has spread to nearby lymph nodes
  • Stage III: Cancer is more advanced and has spread to larger lymph nodes or nearby organs
  • Stage IV: Cancer has spread to distant parts of the body
What treatments are available for lung cancer?
Treatment options may include:
  • Surgery (to remove the tumor)
  • Radiation therapy
  • Chemotherapy
  • Targeted therapy (specific drugs that target cancer cells)
  • Immunotherapy (buffing up the immune system to fight cancer)
Can lung cancer be prevented?
While not all lung cancer cases can be prevented, you can reduce your risk by:
  • Quitting smoking
  • Avoiding exposure to secondhand smoke
  • Testing your home for radon
  • Avoiding exposure to known carcinogens
What is the prognosis for lung cancer?

The prognosis for lung cancer varies based on the stage at diagnosis, the type of lung cancer, and the patient's overall health. Early-stage lung cancer generally has a better prognosis than advanced-stage cancer.

Is lung cancer hereditary?

While most lung cancer cases are linked to environmental factors like smoking, certain genetic mutations can increase susceptibility. People with a family history of lung cancer may be at higher risk.

What research is currently being conducted?

Research on lung cancer is ongoing, focusing on early detection methods, advancements in targeted therapies and immunotherapy, and understanding genetic factors that contribute to the disease.